Application of Chemistry in Food, Clothing, Medicine, Cosmetics and Industry~ Chemistry project
Introduction
Chemicals used in industry have a direct impact on our daily life, including what we eat, wear, travel, technology, how we treat illnesses, how we receive electricity, and many more.
Many future concerns, such as sustainable energy and food production, environmental management, supplying safe drinking water, and improving human and environmental health, will be solved with chemistry.
There are several times in our daily life where chemistry, its applications, and its principles are involved.
Application of Chemistry in Food :
Chemistry has major importance in Food Processing sector. Food chemistry is the study of chemical processes and interactions between all biological and non-biological components of foods. It informs us about changes in foods taking place during processing and storage. Also, it provides techniques and ways either to enhance the changes in food like enhancement of fermentation by conversion of lactose to lactic acid by microorganisms or to prevent changes in foods like prevention of browning in apples and pears.The chemical processes that take place inside food determine its nutritional value, taste, texture and freshness. Like any other organic material, food can decompose over a period of time. The importance of food chemistry lies in its ability to counter the effects of decomposition and spoilage and extend the shelf life of foods. Various household chemicals help in preservation of foods like use of common salt in pickles, chutney, sauces etc. These increase the osmotic pressure of food and decrease the water activity, which further prevents the growth of microorganisms in Food. Common methods of food preservation include salting, cooking, drying, refrigeration, canning, irradiation, dehydration, wood smoke, use of spices, pickling, fermentation etc. The aim and target of these methods is to create an unfavorable environment for microbes that causes food spoilage. Other chemical preservatives like sodium benzoate, calcium propionate, vinegar, citric and sorbic acid are chemical preservatives that play major role in preservation of fruits and vegetables products like jam, jellies, marmalades, pickles, chutneys, ketch-ups, non-alcoholic beverages etc. and bakery products like bread, cakes etc. All of these chemicals either inhibit the activity of microorganisms or destroy them.
Application of Chemistry in Cosmetics :
There are many chemical combinations used for the preparation of these cosmetics. The chemicals added is what gives the texture and feel for these kinds of beauty products. Cosmetics are made from a range of ingredients which are the so called industrial chemicals. Industrial chemicals may be either synthetic chemicals or naturally occurring processed chemicals. Few of the chemicals and its use in the cosmetic are listed below.
ALS-Ammonium lauryl sulphate :
Ammonium lauryl sulphate (ALS) act as an anionic surfactant by avoiding surface tension in liquids. Due to this property it is used in cosmetics like cleansing agents, hair shampoos and in bathing agents. These ALS are irritants to eyes and has very low acute toxicity.
Talc:
Talc is a major component in many cosmetics. The chemical formulation in talc is hydrated magnesium silicate. Talc is major ingredients in face powders, concealers etc.
Formaldehyde: Formaldehyde is many cosmetics and personal care products of which it is a most common ingredient in nail polish, nail polish remover etc. It is found in very low amount in many consumer products like cosmetics and personal care products like shampoos and conditioners, shower gels and hair straightening solutions, liquid hand soaps, cream cleansers, skin moisturisers, toothpastes,
Alcohols :
Alcohols are common ingredients in perfumes. The fatty alcohols(less dense alcohol after the removal of fats and oils in alcohols) are ingredients in detergent and act as cleansing agents. The glycols are used as substances to avoid loss of moisture. Isopropanol is the common alcohol ingredient in many cosmetics and cleansing products. Usually used to reduce the thickness of liquid.
Lanolin :
Lanolin is a thick substance derived from the sebaceous gland of sheep. It is a thick moisturizing agent. It is a common additive in cosmetic products for moisturizing skin, hair and nails. This act as an emulsion by blending with any other cosmetic product.
Mineral oil/waxes :
Mineral waxes are common ingredient in cosmetics. They are main ingredients in products such as paraffin oil, paraffin wax, petrolatum (known as Vaseline).
Application of Chemistry in Clothing :
Many varieties of man-made fibers are available in the market. These man-made fibers are made of chemical substances and are called synthetic fibers. Nylon, terylene, rayon, etc. are examples of synthetic fibers.
Nylon is manufactured from adipic acid and hexamethylene diamine.
Nylon is used in manufacturing of ropes, parachutes, swim wears, etc.
Terylene is manufactured from ethylene glycol and terephthalic acid.
Terylene is used in making bottles and clothing.
Some fibers are made using both synthetic and natural fibers. These are called semi-synthetic fibers. For example terrycot, which is made of terylene and cotton.
Application of Chemistry in Medicines :
Chemistry is essential for knowing the actual composition of the drug. The label on the package of tablets or other medicines tells us about ingredients besides the active drug constituent. With knowledge of Chemistry, the medical personnel to know what the role of that composition is, how it should be used, etc.
Medicines that we use have several chemical properties like acidic, alkaline, oil-soluble, water-soluble, etc. The knowledge of Chemistry helps a doctor to know about the chemical nature of medicine and how it is going to act.
Chemistry provided mankind with a large number of life-saving drugs. We could find a cure for dysentery and pneumonia due to the discovery of sulphur drugs and penicillin. Besides this, life-saving drugs like cisplatin and taxol are effective for cancer therapy. Some of the common drugs that chemistry has blessed us with include:
Analgesics: To reduce the pain of different types.
Antibiotics: To curb infection and cure diseases.
Tranquillisers: To reduce tension and bring about calm and peace to patients suffering from mental diseases.
Antiseptics: To stop infection of the wounds.
Disinfectants: To kill the microorganism present in toilets, floor, and drains.
Discovery of anaesthetics has made surgical operations more and more successful.
The use of insecticides such as DDT and Gammexane has greatly reduced the dangers of diseases caused by the rats, mosquitoes, and flies.
Application of Chemistry in Chemical Industry :
Chemistry plays an important and useful role towards the development and growth of a number of industries. This includes industries like glass, cement, paper, textile, leather, dye etc. We also see huge applications of chemistry in industries like paints, pigments, petroleum, sugar, plastics, Pharmaceuticals.
It has also helped in the greater production of sulphuric acid, nitric acid, and Ammonia, hydrogenated oils by providing suitable catalysts.
Conclusion :
Conclusion
It was a wonderful and learning experience for me while working on this project. I tried my best to include all the necessary points that are required related to the given topic. Some of the information I wrote in the project were taken from the internet and I have also referred to some books. . I do hope that my project will be interesting and may be even knowledgeable.
Bibliography :
www.researchgate.net
www.pure-chemical.com
www.byjus.com/chemistry
www.miraclelearningcentre.com/
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