Architectural Excellence of Egyptians Civilization ~ History project
Introduction
I am presenting this project assignment on the topic "Architectural Excellence of Egyptian Civilization and Indus Valley Civilization ".
In this project I have tried to give all the important things and information.
Architecture of Egyptian Civilization :
In existence from approximately 3000 BC, Egyptian architecture has essentially been one of the most diverse and influential architectural styles in the world. The ancient architecture, built in the regions of Egypt and Nubia, was deeply influenced by the divine relationship humans shared with kings and their gods. This identification is highly reflected in the form of tombs, temples, and pyramids present across Egypt, projecting post and lintel methods of construction.
The Egyptians were great builders and constructed many pyramids and temples.
The largest of the pyramids, the Great Pyramid at Giza , was built by pharaoh Cheops (Khufu). It is one of the seven wonders of the ancient world.
Architecture of Indus Valley Civilization:
Art of the Indus Valley civilization architecture was indigenous and without any influence. Sculpture had no integral role in architecture; they were found separately. There was a concentration of utility factor rather than aesthetic factor presumably because they were primarily traders. Harappan architecture of the Indus civilization focused on functional expression rather than pure decoration. Evidence shows that the Indus culture lacked magnificent buildings such as palaces, monuments, discrepancies, and tombs, on the contrary, most buildings were large-scale public buildings, commodious houses, or practical residences, which proved to be the first complex ancient society based on egalitarianism.
The Great Pyramid at Giza
Who built the Great Pyramid?
The Great Pyramid was built by the Egyptian pharaoh Khufu. Khufuwas born in 2589 BC - 2566 BC. His real name was Khnum-khuf meaning 'the god Khnum is his protection. Khufuwas the son of another great pyramid builder, King Sneferu. Khufu's mothers name was Hetepheres. Khufuwas the second king in the 4th dynasty. The Greeks referred Khufu as Cheops.
When and Where was the Great Pyramid built?
The Great Pyramid was built in the city of Giza, a resting place of ancient Memphis, and today it is part of Greater Cairo, Egypt. That's why it is called the Great Pyramid of GIZA. It is near the west bank of the Nile River.
What Materials was it Built, What Tools were used, and How was it built?
To build the pyramid the Egyptians used rock. They also used limestone to build the pyramid. It was used to cover the pyramid so it would glimmer under the sun. The best limestone was deeper underground, so the men tunneled under the ground. The limestone was then removed from underneath and brought to the building site.
To get the rocks and limestone out of the ground, one man would begin by chipping away at the rock with a pick. He would dig a channel, growing wider and wider that freed a large block on all sides except for the base. Then other men would use levers to pry the block free. Once freed, the rock was then transported to the building site. With 20 men pulling a 2.5-ton block to the building site, it would take them approx. 20 minutes to cover the distance.
To build the Great Pyramid, the men used tools such as rope, stone hammers, and plumb bobs to help measure, align, chisel, and more to help in their constructions.
To ensure that the structures began on a level base, a wooden device shaped like the letter A was probably used. The A was laid on the corner of the structure to see if the two sides formed right angles. A plumb bob hung from the top of the A. If it hung straight, the builders knew that the base was level.
The Great Bath
The Great Bath is one of the best-known structures among the ruins of the Harappan Civilization excavated at Mohenjo-daro in present-day Sindh province of Pakistan. Archaeological evidence indicates that the Great Bath was built in the third millennium BCE, soon after the raising of the "citadel" mound on which it is located.
The Great Bath of Mohenjo-Daro is called the "earliest public water tank of the ancient world". It measures approximately 12 metres (40 ft) by 7 metres (23 ft), with a maximum depth of 2.4 metres (8 ft). Two wide staircases, one from the north and one from the south, served as the entry to the structure. A ledge 1.4 metres (4 ft 7 in) high extending the entire width of the bath is at the lower ends of these stairs. The sloping floor leads to a small outlet at the southwestern corner of the tank, connecting corbelled arch drain, which led the used water out of the bath.
The floor of the tank was watertight due to finely fitted bricks laid on edge with a gypsum plaster, and the side walls were constructed in a similar manner. To make the tank even more watertight, a thick layer of bitumen (waterproof tar) was laid along the sides of the pool and presumably also on the floor. Brick colonnades were discovered on the eastern, northern and southern edges. The preserved columns had stepped edges that may have held wooden screens or window frames. Two large doors lead into the complex from the south and other access was from the north and east. A series of rooms were located along the eastern edge of the building and in one room was a well that may have supplied some of the water needed to fill the tank. Rainwater also may have been collected for the purpose, but no inlet drains have been found. It may have had a long bathing pool built with waterproof bricks.
Conclusion
It was a wonderful and learning experience for me while working on this project. I tried my best to include all the necessary points that are required related to the given topic. Some of the information I wrote in the project were taken from the internet and I have also referred to some books. . I do hope that my project will be interesting and may be even knowledgeable.
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